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Robbin 9th page 619Essential thrombocytosis的部分,有這麼一段話 “Since JAK2 and Calreticulin mutations are mutually exclusive, it is hypothesized that the calreticulin mutations also increase JAK-STAT signaling through currently unknown mechanisms.” 是不是板上最近提到的觀念呢?(https://wleemc.pixnet.net/blog/post/120085563)

免疫學的兩大主題其一是Cell其二是Cytokine;比較複雜的是Cytokine作用於Cell membrane上的Receptor之後的Signal transduction大致有三種:
1. Jak/Stat signaling---
多數Cytokines
2. MyD88/IRAK signaling---IL-1
IL-18
3. Death domain signaling---TNF-

Jak/Stat signaling
最多Cytokines走這條Pathway如下圖:

Jak stat2  
上圖Cytokine的顏色與粗體Stat顏色相對應黑色的Stat是次要的Signaling
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762697/

INF-a/b為例
Jak1/Tyk2-----Stat1/Stat2-----Anti-viral response
Jak1/Tyk2-----Stat1/Stat1-----Pro-inflammatory response
Jak1/Tyk2-----Stat3/Stat3----anti-inflammatory response

Jak
Tyrosine kinaseCytokineReceptor結合後,Jak把另一個Jak(Tyk2)磷酸化(Jak-Jak Jak-Tyk2彼此磷酸化),然後Jak(or Tyk2) 再把Receptor磷酸化Receptor形成Phospho-Tyrosine (P-Tyr)StatSH2 domain可與P-Tyr結合Jak再把Stat磷酸化兩個P-Stat彼此以SH2 domain形成Dimer進入細胞核做為Transcription factor

Jak stat signaling phosphorylation  
https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/febs.13709

Jak (or Tyk2)
可把Receptor多處磷酸化,Grb2或ShcSH2 domainReceptor上的P-Tyr結合後傳遞Grb2-SOS-Ras-Raf-MAP kinase signalingPI3-Kinase p85也可與Receptor上的P-Tyr結合後傳遞PI-3K/Akt/mTOR pathway接下來解釋
“Since JAK2 and Calreticulin mutations are mutually exclusive, it is hypothesized that the calreticulin mutations also increase JAK-STAT signaling through currently unknown mechanisms.”
現在讀醫學原文書若沒有好老師引導坐在書桌前苦讀即使柯P的智商也讀不懂

Jak2 mpl        
TPO(Thrombopoietin)
Receptor是由MPL形成的Dimer主訊息是TPO---MPL dimer---Jak2/Tyk2---Stat5/Stat5主要負責Megakaryocyte的分化次訊息是Ras/MAP kinasePI-3K/Akt pathways負責細胞生長Ras/MAP kinasePI-3K/Akt pathways會使p53穩定(控制G1 phase)這兩個Pathways若過強會使p53過多而造成細胞死亡

Jak2-V617F
突變會造成MPL receptor不需要TPO就能自動引發Jak/Stat signalingRas/MAP kinasePI-3K/Akt pathways也會過度活化此時如果某個細胞p53的表現被抑制(by microRNA or Promoter methylation)Megakaryocyte會過多而造成Thrombocytosis

另一種Thrombocytosis的病因是Calreticulin(CalR, 一種在ER中調節鈣離子的蛋白)發生突變而與MPL結合此時的MPL不需要TPO就能傳遞Jak/Stat + PI3K/Akt + Ras/MAPK signaling

CalR mutation  
“JAK2 and Calreticulin mutations are mutually exclusive” 這句話的意思是JAK2Calreticulin的突變不會同時發生因為若同時發生的話Jak/Stat + PI3K/Akt + Ras/MAPK signaling會太強而導致p53過度穩定造成細胞死亡如此就不會發生Thrombocytosis
------------------------
SH2 domain是一個包住P-Tyr的口袋
SH2 domain  
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22569091

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