寫教科書的人輕輕帶過一句話就會讓醫學生眼冒金星,下面是某位醫學生提出的問題:
我對於Harrison的一小段內容有些不解:
Several factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cell death in Parkinson’s disease, including oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins with consequent proteolytic stress. Recent studies have demonstrated that with aging, dopamine neurons switch from sodium to calcium pacing through calcium channels, potentially making these high-energy neurons vulnerable to calcium-mediated neurotoxicity.
上文指的switch from sodium to calcium pacing through calcium channels是甚麼意思呢?是指是Ca離子大量進入細胞,會造成細胞代謝異常進而造成cell death的意思嗎?
「Dopamine neurons switch from sodium to calcium pacing through calcium channels.」短短一句話為何如此難懂?
1. 首先你必須知道的是Parkinson’s disease的致病原因是a-synuclein 在Dopamine neuron 聚合成穩定(分解不掉)的蛋白凝集物(Protein aggregates),如下圖所示:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2016.00570/full
2. 如上圖所示,a-synuclein polymer是Calcium-binding protein。
3. 你還需要想起,Action potential是Na+ influx,如下圖(2)-Depolarization:
Purkinje fiber 及心肌細胞的Action potential, Na+ influx之後會有一段Ca2+ influx,但Ca2+ influx只是延長去極化的時間,心肌細胞Action potential的發生是以Na+ influx為主。SA node的 Pacemaker action potential 則是以Ca2+ influx為主,Na+ influx只是驅動去極化的發生。
請注意那句話的「Pacing」,Dopamine neuron也像心臟SA node一樣有Pacemaker action potential,但是以Na+ influx為主。Dopamine neuron因有Pacemaker action potential,所以人類肢體的每一個動作才會如此平順(如心臟可以一跳接著一跳,不會停頓),而不是像Parkinson’s disease病人那樣肢體每個動作都卡卡的。
4. 最後你還要知道細胞內Na+(12 mM)濃度是Ca+濃度(100 nM)的上百倍,神經細胞能容忍Na+的Large influx而對細胞內Na+濃度不造成影響。Ca+的細胞內濃度很低,長期Large Ca+ influx會影響Ca+ 在細胞胞內的濃度及神經細胞的功能。
如果你沒有如上 1-4 的概念,「Dopamine neurons switch from sodium to calcium pacing through calcium channels.」這句子便怎也看不懂,下面一段「potentially making these high-energy neurons vulnerable to calcium-mediated neurotoxicity」就更難懂了。
Na+ 在細胞內的濃度>>> Ca+,Cytosol可容忍巨大的Na+ change,因此Rapid Na+ influx into cell對神經細胞影響不大。Parkinson's disease 的致病機轉是a-synuclein在Dopamine neuron聚合,polymerized a-synuclein是穩定的Calcium-binding protein aggregates。Na+ 與Ca+ 都是Positive ion,當Na+ influx for action potential時,Ca+ 因Polymerized a-synuclein的吸引,取代部分Na+,經由Calcium channel大量進入Neuron (文中的switch from sodium to calcium pacing through calcium channel)。Ca+在Cytosol只要有少量增加就能產生有意義的Signal transduction (如G protein coupled receptor-ligand binding後會引發Cytosolic calcium movement),Cytosolic Ca+ 若大量增加對Dopaime neuron就會造成Neurotoxicity。
- Aug 26 Wed 2020 16:17
Parkinson's disease and calcium
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